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‏إظهار الرسائل ذات التسميات Articles in English. إظهار كافة الرسائل
‏إظهار الرسائل ذات التسميات Articles in English. إظهار كافة الرسائل

Optics


Table of Opticks, 1728 Cyclopaedia


The field of optics (Optics) usually describes the behavior of the visible spectrum, infrared, ultraviolet, and in most of the overall electromagnetic waves and similar phenomena such as X-ray, microwave microwave, radio waves and other types of electromagnetic waves and radiation. Therefore be considered a branch of optics sometimes Electromagnetism. Some optical phenomena depend on quantum mechanics but the vast majority of optical phenomena can be explained and interpreted based on the electromagnetic description of light determined by the laws strictly Maxwell.

Significantly optics field of study is independent of the rest of the branches and the terms of reference so that physics has a separate entity and associations of a particular scientific and special conferences, called the purely scientific aspects of optical physics optics optical physics either applied aspects Dubbed engineering visual optical engineering.

Historically, the Arab world is Ibn al-Haytham 965-1039 m founder of optics by typing the unique landscape, a characterization of the mechanism by which the eye sight of the future light of a single body only, contrary to the theory of Ptolemy, who proposed that the eye light-emitting as well.

Most important applications of optics in the field of technology today is fiber-optic data transmission and lasers.

Optics is the science which deals with light in how to generate and spread either light is a kind of well-known forms of energy such as energy and thermal energy and mechanical and electrical energy, but solar energy appears in the form of special forms of energy is the radiation image, which affect the eye causing vision and turn This energy optical radiation to the species known to the investigation of the principle of Energy Conservation of energy and how to see the eye is not as it was explained that the X-old graduate of the eye you see the body fall to the eye and know that visible light radiation Iwtmr vision in the eye and makes her dependent and the degree of visibility of the visible object on the quantity and type of energy feedback from the body and the eye and you receive all the points on the body is a source of visible radiation from the eye receives all outgoing radiation in the form of conical base are the eye and the peak is the point on the body Shining. Spread light in all directions at very high speeds so it does not exist in our everyday experiences have reason to suspect that the speed of light is not final and less than the speed of light in the media material for example, the speed of light in water is greater than the speed of the diamond. And different light sources from each other in the amount of vibrations from them and thus differ in the amount of energy Aladaaip issued by it and therefore any impact on the vision they differ in wavelength and frequency, and this relationship is clear from the color components of light each and every one of which has a wavelength and frequency of special and differ from the rest of the colors. Maxwell explained that the light is one of the constituent parts of the electromagnetic spectrum
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Examples of natural science
Chemistry

Physics (optics Optics, the science of movement, science Alradiologgio - X-Mechanics, etc. ...)

The science of geography (the science of describing and interpreting events terrestrial science Alaptrogeravia Petrography: the science of describing the rocks, science Almitiorologia Meteorology: meteorology)

Flag Alostronomia Astronomy: Astronomy

Biology (science Allbeckterriologgio: Flag of bacteria, Botany Botany, etc. ..)

Medicine (Oncology Oncology, Pathology and Veterinary Pathology)

Pharmacy Pharmacology

Ecology
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Definitions of science
A definition of science (fractured eye) in the Arabic language a big difference between several meanings and different sources:

* Science as a synonym for knowledge, no recognition Bhakiqth thing and its opposite, ignorance. It is said, "So and so no knowledge of the matter known." In the words of God (Oandh prescience he felt) (star 35). And knowledge are often attributed, in some contexts, the recognition of partial or no to simple concepts of the College and the vehicle is said to "know God" and not say "I found God." [6].
* Science as a synonym or a month as the opposite of certainty and doubt and suspicion, and this sense appears in the Quran in many verses of the Koran, such as the words (and those who were given the book to know that truth from their Lord) (Baqarah 144) and (if you know both of you can see, for sure, hell) (reproduction 6,5) and said, "is to achieve the certainty of faith in the heart of science and to the rank of full knowledge and contrary to suspicion and distrust it" [7].
* Science and is intended to Islamic civilization in the forensic science members are without worldly knowledge [8] [9]. The word and the world-Faqih and diligent in the canon and the assets of the Islamic faith, he says, the Messenger of Allah (Scientists and heirs of the prophets, the prophets did not leave behind dirhams and dinars, but inherited the flag is taken to take its fair share) (Narrated by Abu Dawood). The virtue of science and was commended for his family in many of the Suras of the Holy Quran, such as saying of the holy (God raises you who believe and those who were given science degrees and God of what ye do) expert (argument 11) and (Say: Are those who know and who do not know but remember the men of understanding ) (Al-Zumar 11). And also in the prophetic Alohadit that encourages people to seek knowledge and its work, and communicated, including adaamaha when he said: I heard the Messenger of God says the world's preferred (Abid Kvdili on Odnakm () Then he said that God and his angels and the people of the heavens and the earth, even the ant in its hole and even the fish to pray on the people good teachers) (Narrated by Abu Dawood) [10]. And forensic science is divided into two sections: the first obligation, or that a Muslim has to know about things such as religion and the provisions of Arab land, and the second obligation, so that it is the duty of the collection of the nation and get them to discharge this duty [11].
* Highlights the many meanings of science in the Koran, and is intended by each knowledge system, was legitimate or worldly [12], resulting from meditation, reflection and prudence in nature and its laws, and calls through to the faith in God. This is reflected in many verses, including the verse (did not you see that Allah sends down water from the sky Vokrzina the fruits of different colors and the mountains of new white and red, different colors and black Grabeb (27) and the people and animals and cattle as well as different colors, but fear of God among His slaves that God Forgiving Aziz (28)) (creator) and (Say: Travel in the earth and see how He originated creation, then Allah creates the Hereafter Growing God over all things) (Spider-20) ...
* Science, the modern definition, released at the same time on the way of scientific thinking (see, hypothesis, experiment, formulation) and intellectual system that produce and includes the set of hypotheses and theories, laws and discoveries consistent and harmonious that describe the nature and seeks to attain the truth things [13]. And the word corresponding to science, this definition, in English is "Science" Science (derived from the Latin word scientia meaning knowledge and Knowledge) and also carries the same meaning. This precludes the definition of any phenomenon is viewable and each hypothesis can not be selected for the experiment to prove or refute. And some of them is that mathematics, despite the importance of science, not included in this definition because it does not require watching, and take the axioms and postulates, and deal with abstract objects can not be proven through experience [14]. Mathematics and is also used as a means or births to examine the laws of the universe and

See the book of Ahmed Mostagir: "Introduction to mathematical Offers Arabic poetry" (1987) [2006] Al Ain for publication. and astrology. And mathematics has seen significant shifts focus after the chaos theory and engineering Alxeirip (especially with the work of Edward Lorenz in the seventies of the last century), and led to the emergence of new intellectual format seeks to apply the experimental method in mathematics and math test named [15].
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The Science
Science, the overall sense of the word, is every kind of knowledge or applications. And is the total assets of the College and issues revolve around the theme or a specific phenomenon and dealing with a particular approach and ends with the theories and laws [1]. , Also known as "firm belief corresponding to reality and for an image thing in mind" [2]. When we say that "science is the principle of knowledge, and vice versa ignorance" or "somewhat aware of what it is firmly aware of" [3] This term includes, in general use or historical, diverse areas of knowledge, with different approaches such as religion (theology) and Music (Musicology) and Astronomy (astronomy) and as (the science of grammar) ...

And more specific definition, science is a system of knowledge depends on the concerted collected on a scientific approach in isolation, or a group of interrelated concepts that we are looking for and we reach by this method [4]. Secede concept of history of science gradually the concept of philosophy, which depends primarily on the thought and contemplation and reflection in the universe and existence through the mind, is characterized in its approach to take notice, and the experience and quantitative measurements and mathematical proofs as a means of nature study, and formulate hypotheses and establish laws and theories to describe them. [5]

Match the appearance of science with the rise of humanity, and throughout its history has witnessed a series of revolutions and developments through a variety of eras, most notably the one that followed World War II, which make science is divided into several branches or science. Science is classified according to several criteria, they are distinguished by their objectives and curricula and topics to be studied:

* Based on the goals, distinguish the basic sciences (eg physics) and applied sciences (eg medicine),
* According to the curriculum, distinguish science news reporting or experimental (ie, those that rely on observable phenomena, which can test the validity of theories through experience) and abstract science or appropriate (based on abstract concepts and quantities, and the mathematical reasoning - logical).
* By themes, distinguish:
o the natural sciences (physics, chemistry, comprehensive or specialized such as biology or earth science).
o humanities or human rights are taught and their communities (Social sciences) and the economy and self-...
o cognitive sciences such as neuroscience and linguistics and informatics ...
o Engineering Sciences.
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